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NEW QUESTION 55
The passage is primarily concerned with doing which of the following?
- A. Describing an instance in which one kind of organism defends itself from predators by mimicking the behavior of another kind of organism
- B. Citing an experiment that explains why a certain kind of organism has difficulty in locating its prey
- C. Surveying the different mechanisms that plants adopt to defend themselves from predators
- D. Providing an example of farmers' current use of one insect to prey on another that damages their crops
- E. Describing an instance in which one kind of organism exploits the behavior of another kind of organism in order to protect itself from a predator
Answer: E
Explanation:
Explanation
Parasitic wasps propagate by injecting their eggs into a caterpillar that then becomes paralyzed as the eggs inside develop into wasp larvae. The wasp larvae kill the caterpillar host as they feed on it, form cocoons, and finally develop into wasps. In attempting to discover how such wasps detect the presence of the caterpillar hosts that are so critical to the wasps' propagation, researchers have uncovered an intriguing defense mechanism developed by the plants on which the caterpillars feed.
When chewed on, many plants release volatile compounds from both damaged and undamaged tissues. When these compounds are toxic to the insects that feed on the plants, they can help defend the plants from such attacks. However, the plants on which the wasps' caterpillar hosts feed have evolved an even more complex defense: the caterpillar-infested plants appear to release volatile chemicals that attract parasitic wasps, which then prey on the caterpillars. Scientists originally suspected that the wasps were attracted by an odor, reminiscent of cut grass, that is released as the caterpillar feeds, but a recent study suggests that a different set of volatile attractants is involved. In this study, when researchers used a razor blade to mimic caterpillar damage on the leaves, only grassy odors were emitted, not the volatile compounds that attracted wasps.
However, when oral secretions from the caterpillars were applied to these damaged leaves, the leaves released the wasp attractants several hours later. Further tests revealed that oral secretions placed on the razor-damaged leaves stimulated the release of such attractants, making the plants as attractive to wasps as plants that had suffered actual caterpillar damage. These results suggest that chemicals from the caterpillar must be present for these attractants to be released and that unlike the grassy scent, which emanates only as the caterpillar on the plant, the wasp attractants are produced several hours after the attack and persist for several hours, perhaps days. Researchers have launched additional studies to determine whether the wasps' capacity to prey on caterpillars can be enhanced to the extent that the wasps could be used as a natural pesticide to "police" plants and protect them from crop-destroying caterpillars.
NEW QUESTION 56
If the airspace around centrally located airports were restricted to commercial airliners and only those private planes equipped with radar, most of the private-plane traffic would be forced to use outlying airfields. Such a reduction in the amount of private-plane traffic would reduce the risk of midair collision around the centrally located airports.
Which of the following, if true, would most strengthen the conclusion drawn in the second sentence?
- A. Many pilots of private planes would rather buy radar equipment than be excluded from centrally located airports.
- B. The number of midair collisions that occur near centrally located airports has decreased in recent years.
- C. Commercial airliners are already required by law to be equipped with extremely sophisticated radar systems.
- D. Private planes not equipped with radar systems cause a disproportionately large number of midair collisions around centrally located airports.
- E. Centrally located airports are experiencing over-crowded airspace primarily because of sharp increases in commercial-airline traffic.
Answer: D
Explanation:
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Explanation:
NEW QUESTION 57
Is x2- X positive?
- A. EACH statement ALONE is sufficient.
- B. Statements (1) and (2) TOGETHER are NOT sufficient.
- C. BOTH statements TOGETHER ace sufficient, but NEITHER statement ALONE Is sufficient.
- D. Statement (2) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (1) atone is not sufficient.
- E. Statement (1) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (2) alone Is not sufficient.
Answer: D
NEW QUESTION 58
As literary criticism grows more complex, students majoring in specialized areas like those of post- colonialism and Marxist discourse have been becoming increasingly successful at finding positions in the faculties of top universities.
- A. having majored in such specialized areas as post-colonialism and Marxist discourseare being increasingly
- B. who major in specialized areas like those of post-colonialism and Marxist discourse have been becoming more and more
- C. majoring in specialized areas like those of post-colonialism and Marxist discourse have been becoming increasingly
- D. who majored in specialized areas such as those of post-colonialism and Marxist discourse are being increasingly
- E. who major in such specialized areas as post-colonialism and Marxist discourse are becoming more and more
Answer: B
Explanation:
Explanation/Reference:
Explanation:
The best answer is D.
If the shark can be successfully bred in captivity, it is possible to continue production of the drug without threatening the shark with extinction.
NEW QUESTION 59
Despite protests from some share holders, committee members have ordered the levels of department head involvement to be curtailed and that the advertising program be undertaken.
- A. the measure of levels of department head involvement to be curtailed and the advertising program to be
- B. the levels of department head involvement to be curtailed and that the advertising program being
- C. the levels of department head involvement to be curtailed with their advertising program being
- D. that the levels of department head involvement be curtailed and the advertising program be
- E. the levels of department head involvement to be curtailed and that the advertising program be
Answer: D
Explanation:
Explanation/Reference:
Explanation:
The best answer is E.
Choice E clearly and correctly uses parallel phrases: the levels of department head involvement be.... The advertising program be.....
NEW QUESTION 60
Which of the following claims about profits does the passage indicate is most likely to be supported by at least some eco-conscious companies in emerging markets?
- A. It is necessary to forgo some profits in order to pay for resources of sufficient quality to produce premium goods.
- B. Participating In global forums on environmental sustainability can most likely Increase a company's profits.
- C. Environmental sustainability initiatives that fail to yield profits immediately may nevertheless be in a company's best interest to Implement.
- D. Emulating multinational companies' environmental sustainability inJtiatjves will most likely result in lower profits than can be obtained otherwise.
- E. A company that makes consistently high profits has less motivation to implement environmental sustainability initiatives than does a company that is not as profitable.
Answer: C
Explanation:
Explanation
Many policymakers adopt a macro approach to environmental problems in emerging markets (countries experiencing rapid economic growth): discussing ambitious regulations in global faums and looking to giant multinational companies and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) for insight. But examining what successful companies in these countries are already doing to make growth more environmentally sustainable may make more sense.
One study identifies several such firms that are turning eco-consciousness into a source of competitive advantage. The most salient quality of these highly profitable companies Is that they turn limitations (of resources, labor, and Infrastructure) into opportunities. An Indian cement company suffering water shortages developed the world's most water-efficient cement-making method, using air-cooling rather than water cooling. A Philippines utility reduced its water loss through wastage and illegal tapping from 63 percent (1997) to 12 percent (2010) by making water more affordable for lower-Income consumers. A Chinese company makes air conditioners powered with buildings' waste heat, reducing strain on the electric grid.
The companies also seek to shape their business environment to support sustainable objectives. Some lobby regulators: a Brazilian organic-sugar producer works with Brazil's government to establish an organic certification system. Some form partnerships: Kenya's Equity Bank allies with international groups to reduce its risks when lending to smallholders or single-family farms; a Brazilian cosmetics company works with suppliers to produce sustainable packaging. Some firms also work to reach and educate lower-income consumers, sacrificing short-term profits to create future markets: a Chilean forestry company organizes local carpenters into networks and connects them to low-income customers.
One could quibble with the study. Switzerland's Phil Rosenzweig has argued that management writers are prone to a halo effect: they treat a company's temporary success as proof that It has discovered some eternal principle of good management. That some successful companies have embraced environmental sustainability does not prove that It makes companies successful. Some firms, having prospered, can afford splurging on green Initiatives; some pursue eco-Initiatives for public relations purposes.
Nonetheless, the study Is thought-provoking. Critics argue that environmentalism Is a rich-world luxury, but such fears are overblown. When natural resources are scarce and consumers are cash-strapped, sustainability can be a lucrative business strategy.
NEW QUESTION 61
Excavation in City Y found ten ships that all sank at the same time in the city's harbor, in one sudden event in approximately A.D. 800. One possible explanation for the sinking is a tsunami, caused by a strong earthquake from a fault under the sea about fifteen miles away. However, it is more likely that a powerful storm sank the ships, since, if an earthquake had been responsible, there would also have been major damage to the city's walls and buildings-but there apparently was no such major damage, otherwise we would have discovered records from that time mentioning major building repairs.
Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?
- A. Some record-keeping practices existed in City Y around A.D. 800.
- B. City Y was wealthy enough to have carried out repair work fairly quickly after an earthquake.
- C. If a powerful storm had sunk the ships, there would have been major damage to walls and buildings in the city, but not as much as an earthquake would have caused.
- D. There is evidence that the fault in question had produced tsunamis earlier in City Y's history.
- E. City Y's harbor offered relatively good protection for ships from the effects of a storm.
Answer: A
NEW QUESTION 62
Percy Julian's research on the industrial synthesis erf soybeans Into steroids and the low mator contributions to twentieth-century chemistry
- A. despite working in relative obscurity, were major contributions
- B. despite working In relative obscurity, was a major contribution
- C. even though he worked In relative obscurity, was a major contribution
- D. despite the fact that he worked in relative obscurity, were major contributions
- E. although he was working in relative obscurity, were major contributions
Answer: D
NEW QUESTION 63
Take a very commonplace, often discussed and critical topic: Are we detecting a greenhouse effect, and related to this, is it exacerbated by "homogenic factors," i.e., human actions? Most would be inclined to give a positive answer to both of these questions. But, if pushed, what would be the evidence, and how well grounded would it be for such affirmations?
Within scientific communities and associated scientifically informed circles, the answers have to be somewhat more ambiguous, particularly when rigorous questions concerning evidence are raised. Were scientific truth to be a matter of consensus, and some argue that scientific truth often turns out to be just that, then it is clear that there is beginning to be a kind of majority consensus among many earth science practitioners that the temperature of the Earth, particularly of the oceans, is indeed rising and that this is a crucial indicator for a possible greenhouse effect.
Most of these scientists admit that the mean oceanic temperature has risen globally in the last several decades. But this generalization depends upon how accurate measurements may be, not just for samples, but also for the whole Earth. Hot spots, for example the now four year old hot spot near New Guinea which is part of the El Niño cycle, does not count by itself because it might be balanced by cold spots elsewhere.
And the fact of the matter is that "whole earth measurements" are still rare and primitive in the simple sense that we simply do not have enough thermometers out. Secondly, even if we had enough thermometers, a simply synchronic whole earth measurement over three decades is but a blip in the diachronic history of ice age cycles over the last tens of thousands of years. Thirdly, even if we know that the earth is now heating up, has an ever increasing ozone hole, and from this strange weather effects can be predicted, how much of this is due to homogenic factors, such as CFCs, CO2 increases, hydrocarbon burning, and the like? Is it really the case, as Science magazine claimed in l990, "24% of greenhouse encouraging gases are of homogenic origin"?
It can be inferred from the passage that
- A. The greenhouse effect is the most widely discussed topic in the scientifically informed circles.
- B. If the temperature of the oceans has ceased to rise at an ever-increasing rate, then the rate of global warming has increased.
- C. Strange weather effects have been shown to be due to the diachronic effects of hydrocarbon burning and not to increases in CFC.
- D. We cannot be certain that strange weather effects are a result of the earth heating up and an ever- increasing ozone hole.
- E. Strange weather effects are caused by the increase use of CFCs, CO2, and similar gasses.
Answer: D
Explanation:
Explanation/Reference:
Explanation:
The author is questioning the cause and effect relationship between the increasingly large ozone hole and global warming, as well as cause and effect relationship between global warming and strange weather effects
NEW QUESTION 64
Which of the following best completes the passage below?
The computer industry's estimate that it loses millions of dollars when users illegally copy programs without paying for them is greatly exaggerated. Most of the illegal copying is done by people with no serious interest in the programs. Thus, the loss to the industry is much smaller than estimated because______
- A. the total market value of all illegal copies is low in comparison to the total revenue of the computer industry
- B. even if the computer industry received all the revenue it claims to be losing, it would still be experiencing financial difficulties
- C. many users who illegally copy programs never find any use for them
- D. the number of programs that are frequently copied illegally is low in comparison to the number of programs available for sale
- E. most of the illegally copied programs would not be purchased even if purchasing them were the only way to obtain them
Answer: E
Explanation:
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Explanation:
NEW QUESTION 65
Executive: For this year, our firm's advertising budget for Brand X is four times that for last year, but only half that for the year before last. For each year, for each of our brands, our advertising budget is 10 percent of the average (arithmetic mean) of two amounts: the brand's projected sales for the year and the brand's actual sales for the preceding year. Actual sales of Brand X last year were $5.23 million.
Statement A: Given the executive's statements, a journalist could infer what this year's advertising budget for Brand X is if she knew what the amount of was.
Statement B: Given the knowledge of this year's advertising budget for Brand X, if the reporter also knew Brand X's actual sales for the year before last, she could also infer :
Select for A and for 8 two different options that, if inserted in the blanks, create statements that are supported by the statements attributed to the executive. Make only two selections, one in each column.
Answer:
Explanation:
Explanation
NEW QUESTION 66
The lobbyists argued that because there is no statistical evidence that breathing other people's tobacco smoke increases the incidence of heart disease or lung cancer in healthy nonsmokers, legislation banning smoking in workplaces cannot be justified on health grounds.
The argument reported above would be most seriously weakened if it were true that
- A. Most workers would prefer to have smoking banned in workplaces.
- B. Breathing smoke-filled air increase the incidence of headaches and coughs in healthy nonsmokers.
- C. Smoke-filled air is a major source of the dirt that damages computers and other sensitive equipment.
- D. Legislation banning smoking in workplaces decreases friction between smoking and nonsmoking workers and is easy to enforce.
- E. Most nonsmokers dislike the odor of smoke-filled air.
Answer: B
Explanation:
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NEW QUESTION 67
A recent spate of launching and operating mishaps with television satellites led to a corresponding surge in claims against companies underwriting satellite insurance. As a result, insurance premiums shot up, making satellites more expensive to launch and operate. This, in turn, has added to the pressure to squeeze more performance out of currently operating satellites.
Which of the following, if true, taken together with the information above, best supports the conclusion that the cost of television satellites will continue to increase?
- A. When satellites reach orbit and then fail, the causes of failure are generally impossible to pinpoint with confidence.
- B. The greater the performance demands placed on satellites, the more frequently those satellites break down.
- C. Most satellites are produced in such small numbers that no economies of scale can be realized.
- D. Since the risk to insurers of satellites is spread over relatively few units, insurance premiums are necessarily very high.
- E. Since many satellites are built by unwieldy international consortia, inefficiencies are inevitable.
Answer: B
Explanation:
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Explanation:
NEW QUESTION 68
Intuitively, intellectual skills and perceptual-motor skills seem very different because perceptual-motor skills appear more primitive. Ontogenetically, perceptual-motor skills develop before intellectual skills, or at least before most intellectual skills are manifested. Phylogenetically, creatures "high on the evolutionary ladder" are more obviously capable of intellectual skills than are creatures "lower down ".
Perceptual-motor skills also seem more closely tied to specific forms of expression. Being a chess player does not mean one can only play with pieces of a certain size, that one can only move pieces with one's right hand, and so on. By contrast, being a violinist means one can play an instrument whose size occupies a fairly narrow range and that one must play with a rather rigid assignment of functions to effectors (bowing with the right hand, and fingering with the left). The seeming narrowness of this perceptual-motor skill expression, contrasted with the seeming openness of intellectual skill expression, seems to follow from intellectual skills having symbolic outcomes and perceptual-motor skills having non- symbolic outcomes. Symbolic outcomes need not be realized in specific ways and can rely on abstract rules. Non-symbolic outcomes, by contrast, need more specific forms of realization and seem to depend on restricted associations between stimuli and response.
Another difference between intellectual and perceptual-motor skills is that the two kinds of skill seem to be represented in different parts of the brain. For example, structures homologous to the optic tectum, a nucleus located on the dorsal surface of the midbrain, have a common function in all vertebrates- coordinating visual, auditory, and somatosensory information relevant to the control of orienting movements of the eyes, ears, and head. Similarities in structure and function between these and other brain areas associated with perceptual-motor behavior suggest that mechanisms for control of perceptual- motor skills are both highly specialized and conserved across species. In contrast, what distinguishes the human brain from the brains of other species - even closely related ones - is the differential growth of brain regions most strongly associated with intellectual skills, such as the association areas of the cerebral cortex.
The contention that these areas serve intellectual functions is supported by a large body of clinical and experimental literature. Together, these diverse sources of information suggest that perceptual-motor and intellectual skills depend on distinct brain circuits.
It can be inferred from the passage that the optic tectum
- A. Functions similarly in vertebrates and invertebrates
- B. Coordinates somatosensory moment in snakes
- C. Is located in a comparable area of the brains of humans and giraffes
- D. Has a much more sophisticated structure than the cerebral cortex
- E. Functions similarly in animal and in plants
Answer: C
Explanation:
Explanation/Reference:
Explanation:
The best answer is C.
According to the passage, the optic tectum occupies the same area of the brain in all vertebrates (animals with a spinal column).
NEW QUESTION 69
The main principle of feng shui is that our environment must be ordered to permit and encourage the free flow of energy. One of the fundamental steps is to eliminate clutter, which blocks the flow of energy.
Based upon the previous information, which of the following statements is also likely to be true?
- A. Square objects should be placed in corners.
- B. Light colored paints are best.
- C. Walls should be kept bare except for mirrors.
- D. Proper ventilation will improve the flow of energy.
- E. Objects should be dispersed as evenly as possible around the room.
Answer: E
Explanation:
Explanation/Reference:
Explanation:
The information provided in the passage leads to the conclusion that objects should be dispersed evenly around the room. This would "encourage the free flow of energy" and reduce clutter, because objects would not be crammed together. Proper ventilation (choice a) may indeed improve the flow of energy, but that cannot be concluded from the passage. The passage does not indicate where square objects should be placed (choice c), whether walls should be kept bare (choice d), or whether light colored paints are best (choice e), so these choices are incorrect.
NEW QUESTION 70
Insurance Company X is considering issuing a new policy to cover services required by elderly people who suffer from diseases that afflict the elderly. Premiums for the policy must be low enough to attract customers. Therefore, Company X is concerned that the income from the policies would not be sufficient to pay for the claims that would be made.
Which of the following strategies would be most likely to minimize Company X's losses on the policies?
- A. Attracting middle-aged customers unlikely to submit claims for benefits for many years
- B. Insuring only those individuals who are wealthy enough to pay for the medical services
- C. Insuring only those individuals who were rejected by other companies for similar policies
- D. Insuring only those individuals who did not suffer any serious diseases as children
- E. Including a greater number of services in the policy than are included in other policies of lower cost
Answer: A
Explanation:
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NEW QUESTION 71
The first science-fiction novel, Mary Shelley's Frankenstein, actually contains very little science, but it masterfully explores the social and moral repercussions of what might happen if certain scientific advances were possible.
- A. but it masterfully explores repercussions, social and moral in nature, of what might happen
- B. but, exploring the social and moral repercussions, it masterfully considers what might happen
- C. but it masterfully explores what are the social and moral repercussions
- D. but it explores in a masterful way the social and moral repercussions of what might happen
- E. but it masterfully explores the social and moral repercussions of what might happen
Answer: E
Explanation:
Explanation/Reference:
Explanation:
This is the most concise, precise, and correct choice. Choice b is wordy, using the phrase in a masterful way instead of masterfully. Choice c uses awkward word order that requires the addition of a verb (considers) because explores is moved to before the subject. Choice d is wordy as the result of moving social and moral from their position directly before the noun they modify. Choice e awkwardly places what are after explores and deletes the important idea of possibility conveyed by of what might happen.
NEW QUESTION 72
Working shorter workweeks causes managers to feel less stress than does working longer workweeks. In addition, greater perceived control over one's work life reduces stress levels. It can be concluded, therefore, that shorter workweeks cause managers to feel they have more control over their work life.
The argument made above uses which of the following questionable techniques?
- A. Associating two conditions as cause and effect on the basis of their being causally associated with the same phenomenon
- B. Basing a conclusion on preconceived views about the needs of managers
- C. Taking for granted that two factors that have a certain effect individually produce that effect more strongly when both act together
- D. Assuming what it sets out to prove
- E. Using an irrelevant point in order to draw a conclusion
Answer: A
Explanation:
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NEW QUESTION 73
The chanterelle, a type of wild mushroom, grows beneath host trees such as the Douglas fir, which provide it with necessary sugars. The underground filaments of chanterelles, which extract the sugars, in turn provide nutrients and water for their hosts. Because of this mutually beneficial relationship, harvesting the chanterelles growing beneath a Douglas fir seriously endangers the tree.
Which of the following, if true, casts the most doubt on the conclusion drawn above?
- A. The harvesting of wild mushrooms stimulates future growth of those mushrooms.
- B. Many types of wild mushrooms are found only in forests and cannot easily be grown elsewhere.
- C. The number of wild mushrooms harvested has increased in recent years.
- D. Chanterelles grow not only beneath Douglas firs but also beneath other host trees.
- E. Young Douglas fir seedlings die without the nutrients and water provided by chanterelle filaments
Answer: A
Explanation:
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NEW QUESTION 74 
- A. BOTH statements TOGETHER are sufficient, but NEITHER statement ALONE Is sufficient.
- B. Statement (1) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (2) alone is not sufficient.
- C. Statements (1) and (2) TOGETHER are NOT sufficient.
- D. Statement (2) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (1) alone is not sufficient.
- E. EACH statement ALONE is sufficient
Answer: A
NEW QUESTION 75
In 1980, a Danish ten-øre coin minted in 1747 was sold at auction for $8,000. Eleanor Bixby owns another Danish ten-øre coin minted in 1747. When she puts it on the market next week, it will fetch a price over
$18,000.
Which of the following, if true, would most weaken the conclusion drawn above?
- A. In 1986, a previously unknown cache of one hundred coins just like the one in question was found.
- B. Since 1980, the consumer price index has risen by over 150 percent.
- C. There are only four coins like the one in question in the entire world.
- D. Since 1980, the average price for rare coins has increased by over 150 percent.
- E. Thirty prominent, wealthy coin collectors are expected to bid for Bixby's coin.
Answer: A
Explanation:
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NEW QUESTION 76
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